TNF and Behcet disease: Serum levels of various inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, pro-inflammatory IL-6–to–IL-10 ratio, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), are significantly increased after BD, reflecting a systemic inflammatory response (Schwarz et al., 2018; Weaver et al., 2018; Belhaj et al., 2022).