TNF and neoplasm: Coculture with irradiated tumor cells significantly elevated the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), including MCSF, IL-6, and IL-10, and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-α, and IFN-γ, while reducing tumor cell-derived MCSF decreased the expression of MCSF, IL-6, IL-10, and up-regulated the expression of IL-1β and IL-12 (Fig. 7D and Fig. S11A).