TNF and COVID-19: Conditions such as stroke, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI), and COVID-19-related brain disorders are reported to share common elements of pathobiology involving damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) (such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) when sterile antigens from necrotic neuronal cells are captured by monocytes and dendritic cells).