IGF1 and neoplasm: Importantly, we previously found that IGF signalling through stromal components including tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) contributes to chemoresistance in the context of both PDAC and TNBC, with blockade of the IGF signalling pathway sensitising these tumours to gemcitabine and paclitaxel respectively (3, 30).