Given the role of IGF signalling in the TAM and CAF cell populations and the observed changes in these two cell populations upon IGF blockade, as well as the concomitant increases in CD8+ T cells within pancreatic tumours, we hypothesised that aberrant IGF signalling in TAMs and/or CAFs negatively regulates the accumulation of CD8+ T cells within pancreatic tumours through TAM and/or CAF derived factors. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and pancreatic neoplasm.