LEP and Insulin resistance: AS significantly reduced body mass index (BMI) (mean difference (MD) = −0.38 BMI points, 95% CI (−0.55 to −0.22), p < 0.0001), weight (MD = −0.66 kg, 95% CI (−1.12 to −0.20), p = 0.005), waist circumference (MD = −1.44 cm, 95% CI (−2.69 to −0.20), p = 0.02), leptin, insulin, and HOMA insulin resistance compared to controls.