TGFB1 and neoplasm: 1992; Buck et al. 2004; Bao et al. 2009; Juang et al. 2016; Huang et al. 2021). TGFβ produced by tumor cells may act in a paracrine mode on tumor stromal cells, tumor neovessels and immune cells, contributing to tumor immunosuppression, angiogenesis and progression (Dumont and Arteaga 2000; Lang et al. 2014; Niu et al. 2021).