TNF and Sepsis: In sepsis, cells in a state of death or imminent death release DAMPs like mtDNA, which activate innate immune cells through the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (GMP-AMP) synthase-stimulator of interferon gene signaling pathway, leading to the release of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β [105].