NFE2L2 and cancer: ROS are considered to contribute to both tumorigenesis and development through the following mechanisms: (1) inducing DNA damage through the oxidation of nucleobases [44]; (2) regulating redox-sensitive transcription factors in cancer, including NF-κB, Nrf2, p53, and AP-1 [45]; (3) influencing the expression of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes by epigenetic modifications [46]; (4) acting as signalling molecules to drive cellular proliferation via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK mitogenic signalling cascades [47]; and (5) promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [48].