TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Kelishadi140 and colleagues used synbiotics capsules (fructooligosaccharides [FOS] plus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria) to intervene in children with obesity for eight weeks and found significant increases in Lactobacillus, as well as significant reductions BMI, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα).