Upon entry into the CNS, an inflammatory cascade is initiated leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interferon-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, all of which are key players in mediating inflammation in MS [42, 43], with evidence that TNF-a and interferon-γ receptors are expressed in testicular mesenchymal stromal cells [44, 45] and the hypothalamus [46]. Here, TNF is linked to myeloid sarcoma.