GPBAR1 and metabolic syndrome: The binding of non-12OH BAs to Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) on adipocytes has been reported, thereby inducing the activation of browning and thermogenesis.18,20,33 Therefore, the Tgr5 mRNA expression levels in adipose tissues were determined and the results showed that its expression levels in BAT, mWAT, and iWAT were much higher in the MetSQ group than those in the MetS group (Figure 4(k)), which established a link between quercetin on non-12OH BAs and energy metabolism.