CSF1 and HIV-1 infection: The transdifferentiation of human BLaER1 cells to macrophage-like cells using 100 nM β-estradiol, 10 ng/mL of M-CSF, and 10 ng/mL of IL-3 results on cells that are resistant to HIV-1 infection, and this resistance is dependent upon the expression of SAMHD1 (42).