Subsequent studies introduced immunogenic carrier proteins such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) (12) or filamentous phage (13) with or without adjuvants such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (12, 14, 15), interleukin (IL)-2 (12), IL-12 (14) to enhance anti-tumor immunity of Id proteins. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.