TBK1 and neoplasm: By synthesizing the activation and mechanistic pathways of TBK1 across diverse tumor backgrounds, this study deeply delved into the anti-tumor and pro-tumor effects of TBK1 regulation on IFN-Is, along with the significance of TBK1-IFN-IS in immunotherapy, offering novel insights and strategies for the more effective utilization of TBK1 inhibitors in clinical settings.