TNF and Insulin resistance: An inflamed visceral fat pad produces pro-inflammatory adipokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Ouchi et al, 2011; Rosen and Spiegelman, 2014), which contribute to the progression of systemic insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, MAFLD, heart failure, and atherosclerosis (Gehrke and Schattenberg, 2020; Mantovani et al, 2022; Stefan and Cusi, 2022).