SPP1+ macrophages have previously been found in various tumor tissues (Luo et al., 2022; Qi et al., 2022; Yu et al., 2023), and SPP1 has a profibrotic role in skin and lung fibrosis (Liu et al., 2022; Papazoglou et al., 2022). The gene discussed is SPP1; the disease is pulmonary fibrosis.