TP53 and brain injury: Additionally, Ju et al. found that the NF-kappa B/p53 signaling pathway plays an important role in the occurrence and development of HO in models such as traumatic brain injury, burns, and tendon transection, Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibition of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway can significantly reduce the expression level of p53 and the size of HO [34].