Immunosuppressive GAM releases different cytokines and growth factors, such as IL-6, IL-11, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β1, to promote GBM progression by activating pre-tumor signaling in GBM cells (Ye et al., 2012; Bloch et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021; Ochocka et al., 2021). Here, TGFB1 is linked to glioblastoma.