TGFB1 and Hip dysplasia: Additionally, SNPs of GDF5 and TGFβ1 have been demonstrated to be related to DDH in various races (Dai et al., 2008; Rouault et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2013b; Hatzikotoulas et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2019a; Baghdadi et al., 2019; Harsanyi et al., 2021a; Harsanyi et al., 2021b; Muthuirulan et al., 2021).