Several chromosomal loci that are closely associated with unilateral or bilateral hip dysplasia, such as CX3CR1, GDF5, and HOX, were identified through familial aggregation studies of multiple DDH patients (Feldman et al., 2010; Feldman et al., 2017; Kenanidis et al., 2020) (Table 1). Here, GDF5 is linked to Hip dysplasia.