CCL2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: reported an elevated percentage of senescent lung ECs in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, driven by telomere erosion and associated with increased inflammatory signaling mediated by IL-6, IL-8, MCP1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1), and sICAM-1 (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1) (29).