HIF1A and bacterial infectious disease: Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether metabolic reprogramming occurs in L. crocea head kidney macrophages under LPS stimulation, the role of HIF-1α in metabolic reprogramming and polarization, and the response of HIF-1α to A. hydrophila in the hypoxia-tolerant L. crocea in order to preliminarily elucidate whether HIF-1α promotes macrophage activities in the protection of large yellow croaker against bacterial infection.