Although, a study using snRNA-seq to analyze postmortem EC samples of AD patients identified AD associated astrocyte subclusters with one such cluster demonstrating an enrichment for ribosomal, mitochondrial, neuron differentiation, and heat shock responses while another cluster showed downregulation of these processes and an increase in TGF-β signaling, immune responses, and C3 (Grubman et al., 2019). Here, TGFB1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.