Studies have indicated that the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB, MAPK, and STAT3 were upregulated in biopsies of IBD patients, especially in colonic macrophages, together with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 (Papoutsopoulou et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease.