Several autoantibodies identified in PNS patient sera recognize intracellular neuronal antigens, such as the breast and ovarian cancers antigen CDR2,133, 134 the small cell lung cancer antigens HuC and HuD,135 or the paraneoplastic Ma antigens (PNMA) Ma1 and Ma2.136, 137. This evidence concerns the gene ELAVL4 and small cell lung carcinoma.