To eliminate other influences resulting from PD-L1 knockdown, we employed a xenograft model generated by subcutaneous or hepatic inoculation with murine liver cancer cell Hepa 1–6 overexpressing mEPDR1 or EV, and quantified the exhaustion and activity of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing mice treated with or without anti-PD-L1 antibody (Fig. EV4A; Appendix Fig. S1A). Here, CD274 is linked to liver cancer.