TP53 and cancer: As the most frequently mutated gene in BC, TP53 encodes the p53 protein, which acts as a transcription factor that controls cell cycle initiation.[38,39] TP53 is a tumor suppressor gene, but when TP53 is mutated, it loses its regulatory role in cell growth, apoptosis, and DNA repair and becomes an oncogene.[40] Therefore, TP53 has been regarded as a potential target for cancer drug treatment, and these targeted drugs are mainly used to transform the P53 phenotype of cancer cells from mutant to wild-type.[41–44] The CDH1 gene encodes E-cadherin, a member of the cadherin family.