TLR4 and inflammatory bowel disease: While basal TLR4 expression in intestinal tissue is low, it plays a crucial role in safeguarding against intestinal and bacterial injuries.88,91 Notably, studies have consistently observed elevated TLR4 expression in the intestinal cells of individuals with IBD, with overexpression in murine models correlating with increased susceptibility to chemically induced colitis.87,92 Moreover, experiments with TLR4-overexpressing mice have demonstrated compromised intestinal barrier function, leading to heightened permeability and leakage of FITC-dextran into the serum.93