longum can downregulate the expression of proinflammatory markers TNF-α and IFN-γ, along with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, indicating a reduced inflammatory state and decreased demand for anti-inflammatory responses (Figure 4(c)).116 This bacterial strain has also demonstrated the ability to decrease permeability as assessed by FITC-dextran measurements in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model.116 Likewise, Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) has demonstrated beneficial effects on barrier integrity. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colitis.