Apart from WNT and NOTCH, TGF-β, and BMP signaling are also involved in intestinal homeostasis, while their dysregulation has been linked to cancer and other gastrointestinal diseases (Gudiño et al., 2021; Ihara et al., 2017; Tauriello et al., 2018; Zhang and Que, 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.