TNF and cerebral palsy: In human studies, an increase in cord blood pro-inflammatory cytokine abundance, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-11, IL-13, IL-9 and TNF has been reported in infants with cerebral palsy versus healthy controls (Nelson et al., 1998), whilst infants born to women with elevated third trimester CRP, IL-6 and TNF have been shown to have lower cognitive ability and executive functioning as assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at six months and four years of age respectively (Camerota et al., 2022).