Although the European Association of Urology (EAU) recommended the use of PSA testing as part of a risk-adapted strategy for the early detection of PCa in 2021 (Martin et al., 2018), large trials, for example, the STLM3 trial, the PROBASE study, the Göteborg 2 trial, and the ProScreen study (Arsov et al., 2013; Auvinen et al., 2017; Hugosson et al., 2019; Hugosson et al., 2022), had initiated risk-adapted PSA screening since 2012. Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.