This non-significant improvement suggested that new indicators and/or PSA progression indicators based on multiple PSA tests (such as PSA velocity, PSA doubling time) (Vickers et al., 2009; Orsted et al., 2013; Wallner et al., 2013; Shoaibi et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2023), especially PRS-specific PSA progression indicators, are needed to be proposed to improve early-detection of high-grade PCa in the future. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy.