S100A9 and neoplasm: Previous studies have proposed a significant role for S100a9 and S100a8expressed in tumor cells in recruiting MDSCs, which are known for their association withimmunosuppression and Inflammation27,31,32.These heterogeneous cells co-express CD11b, Ly6G, and Ly6C myeloid lineage markers[polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs): CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow;mononuclear MDSCs (M-MDSCs): CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6Chigh].MDSCs are potent inhibitors of anti-tumor immunity, contributing to immuneescape27,31,32.