The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichmentanalysis of these DEGs highlighted the predominant elevation of defense reactions tobacterial infection, innate immune response, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, andInflammation-associated pathways (Fig. 1D).Consistent with the hyperactivation ofPtpn11E76K/+ HSCs, GSEA demonstrated adecrease in the expression of stem cell/progenitor-associated genes andupregulated/downregulated genes in HSCs versus GMPs inPtpn11E76K/+ HSCs (Fig. 1E), suggesting a loss of stemness and priming towards themyeloid lineage in Ptpn11-mutated HSCs. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and infection.