While TFE3 fusions activate certain NRF2 target genes involved in the antioxidant response, it is notable that somatic alterations in the NRF2 pathway (e.g. KEAP1 inactivation, NFE2L2 activation, chr5q gain) are not found in tRCC, unlike other RCCs3,101–103. Here, KEAP1 is linked to renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions.