In agreement with this prior study41, we observed that NRF2 overexpression led to an increased NADH/NAD+ ratio (as measured by a genetically-encoded NADH/NAD+ reporter, SoNar)73 in tRCC cells (FU-UR-1 and s-TFE) compared to ccRCC cells (786-O) (Extended Data Fig. 4e–f). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions.