conducted a phase I clinical trial using exosomes with surface-expressed MHC molecules and heat shock proteins (HSPs) derived from autologous ascites (Aex) combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to treat colorectal cancer, showing that Aex combined with GM-CSF can induce specific anti-tumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses (189). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.