Cancer-forced emergency myelopoiesis is orchestrated by tumor secreted myeloid-lineage-specific GFs and cytokines such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, M-CSF, SCF, IL6, IL8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Placental growth factor (PlGF) and IL1 (100, 101, 108, 109, 115, 116, 121, 122, 147). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and cancer.