Inflammatory cytokines such as endothelial microparticles (EMP), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and endothelin-1 serve as biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction during CSD in migraine, shedding light on vascular and inflammatory alterations exacerbating migraine episodes (43). The gene discussed is CRP; the disease is migraine disorder.