Recent findings suggest that the increase in vascular ROS in subjects with alcoholism is associated with dysfunctional mitochondria, activated NOX and xanthine oxidase (XO), uncoupled e-NOS, and a dysregulated antioxidant system induced by ethanol (Ceron et al., 2014; Piano, 2017; Simplicio et al., 2017). Here, XDH is linked to alcohol dependence.