AKR1B1 and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia-induced sorbitol accumulation is wholly prevented by thenoyltrifluoracetone (TTFA), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), indicating that mitochondrial superoxide overproduction stimulates aldose reductase activity (Nishikawa et al., 2000).