Antithrombin III has been shown to be important for protection of endothelial syndecan expression and barrier function.11 Among patients with trauma in Japan, it has been shown that early antithrombin III deficiency in trauma is associated with vascular leak.14 The same study also showed that this adverse effect was not associated with antithrombin III consumption in thrombin-antithrombin complexes but rather with inflammation-regulated endothelial damage and albumin depletion. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINC1 and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.