In fact, disclosed preclinical data show the success of CRISPR in disrupting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) among others, in order to establish PD-1 disrupted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that are more capable of targeting the EBV-LMP2A antigen as well as displaying higher cytotoxicity to the EBV-positive gastric cancer cells, thus paving a path to help impede tumor growth (Su et al., 2016). Here, PDCD1 is linked to gastric cancer.