AKT1 and central nervous system cancer: Lastly, cell signaling pathways, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Sabbah et al., 2020), PI3K-AKT (Xia and Xu, 2015), and RAS-MAPK (Masliah-Planchon et al., 2016), are significantly involved in the progression of glioma, influencing cell growth, survival, and proliferation.