TGFB1 and neoplasm: Previous studies have shown that M2-like TAMs play three distinct roles in promoting tumor development and metastasis: (1) M2-like TAMs promote tumor cell entry into the vascular system and facilitate tumor spread through paracrine signaling loops (30); (2) M2-like TAMs can promote the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by secreting immunosuppressive factors including TGF-β, IL-10, arginase-1 (Arg-1), and NO, thereby facilitating tumor growth (31); (3) M2-like TAMs can enhance tumor angiogenesis, promoting tumor growth and post-therapeutic repair (32).