TNF and arthritic joint disease: Some previous studies have demonstrated that macrophages infiltrate synovium and myeloid-derived TNF controls severity in the CAIA model.66,67 Human arthritis patient data describe that IL-1β from M1 like macrophages in the synovium, has some effect on the progression of arthritis, and the neutralization of antibodies for IL-1β suppresses arthritis.68,69 IL-1β release by inflammasome activation from macrophages is essential in triggering or exacerbating arthritis symptoms.