In a second validation cohort (Table 1, “Colonic RGS Hormone Associations”) we sought to confirm our scRNAseq findings with respect to alterations in colonic RGS2, RGS4, RGS9, and RGS12 in the context of obesity as both a categorical and quantitative variable in 16 lean healthy control patients and 31 patients with obesity. Here, RGS12 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.