Additionally, Dickkopf-3 (DKK-3), which is located in the stroma, has been demonstrated to activate the wingless/integrated (Wnt) and yes-associated protein/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) signaling pathway, thereby leading to the formation of CAFs in CRC (Ferrari et al., 2019). Here, DKK3 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.