TGFB1 and neoplasm: Upon activation, CAFs can release a range of soluble factors that can enhance tumor invasion and metastasis (Linares et al., 2020), such as TGF-β, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), FGF and IL-6 cytokine (Owusu et al., 2017; Woolston et al., 2019; Zeng et al., 2017).