Furthermore, cell division autoantigen 1 (CDA1), a molecule linked to TGFβ levels and action [124], was initially shown to up-regulate p21 expression via the p53 pathway leading to cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells [125–127], and in DNA damage response in various cancer cells [128], was subsequently found to synergistically enhance TGFβ signaling in HK-2 cells and to promote diabetes associated renal injury in DKD [129–131]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.