We also investigated the in vivo effects of N protein and observed that its expression in mouse lung tissues led to the downregulation of Dicer, XPO5, SRSF3, and hnRNPA3, DNA damage, cytosolic DNA accumulation, apoptosis, upregulation of IFNβ, IL-6, and NKG2D ligands, and pneumonia with obvious macrophage infiltration (Fig. 7a–f). Here, IFNB1 is linked to pneumonia.