TLR4 is a key signalling pathway in acute lung inflammation (Lowe et al., 2015; Murakami et al., 2007), and TLR7/8 also plays a key role in inflammatory signalling in response to viral infections in the lung including severe influenza and COVID-19 (Rappe et al., 2021; Salvi et al., 2021). Here, TLR4 is linked to viral infectious disease.