INS and diabetes mellitus: The aim of our study was to understand at the population level the effect of deleterious protein-coding variants affecting PAM enzyme functionality on endocrine metabolic phenotypes, including diabetes, insulin, and incretins levels before and after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), hormones, and anthropometric traits, integrating data from 3 cohorts: the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC; n = 29 094), the Malmö Preventive Project (MPP; n = 4769) and the UK Biobank (UKB; n = 331 215).