However, the role of AMPK in cardiac health is pleiotropic – AMPK hyperactivation can also induce cardiac hypertrophy in mice and humans (Myers et al., 2017; Arad et al., 2003; Li et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2014) – and it has a complex involvement in pulmonary hypertension (Zhao et al., 2021), as both inhibition and activation of AMPK in the lung can be protective. This evidence concerns the gene PRKAB1 and pulmonary hypertension.