TGFA and neoplasm: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exhibit two distinct phenotypes: the M1 phenotype, which expresses TGF-α, IL-12, and other factors that exert pro-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, and the M2 phenotype, which expresses IL-10, TGF-β, and other factors that exert anti-inflammatory and pro-tumor effects (15).