PAPPA and fetal growth restriction: Several of the selected genes, such as ADM, ASCL2, CDKN1C, GCM1, HMGA1, IGF2BP3, PAPPA, PAPPA2, and PHLDA2, play a known role in trophoblast physiology and related pathologies, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or preeclampsia (61–68).